在各个领域，我们都离不开练习题，学习需要做题，是因为这样一方面可以了解你对知识点的掌握，熟练掌握知识点！同时做题还可以巩固你对知识点的运用！你知道什么样的习题才是规范的`吗？
Federal Reserve System, central banking system of the United States, popularly called the Fed. A central bank serves as the banker to both the banking community and the government; it also issues the national currency, conducts monetary policy, and plays a major role in the supervision and regulation of banks and bank holding companies. In the U.S. these function are the responsibilities of key officials of the Federal Reserve System: the Board of Governors, located in Washington, D.C., and the top officers of 12 district Federal Reserve banks, located throughout the nation. The Fed’s actions, described below, generally have a significant effect on U.S. interest rates and, subsequently, on stock, bond, and other financial markets.
The Federal Reserve’s basic powers are concentrated in the Board of Governors, which is paramount in all policy issues concerning bank regulation and supervision and in most aspects of monetary control. The board enunciates the Fed’s policies on both monetary and banking matter. Because the board is not an operating agency, most of the day-to day implementation of policy decisions is left to the district Federal Reserve banks, stock in which is owned by the commercial banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System. Ownership in this instance, however, does not imply control; the Board of Governors and the heads of the Reserve banks orient their policies to the public interest rather than to the benefit of the private banking system.
The U.S. banking system’s regulatory apparatus is complex; the authority of the Federal Reserve is shared in some instances for example, in mergers or the examination of banks with other Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). In the critical area of regulating the nation’s money supply in accordance with national economic goals, however, the Federal Reserve is independent within the government, Income and expenditures of the Federal Reserve banks and of the board of governors are not subject to the congressional appropriation process; the Federal Reserve is self-financing. Its income ($20.2 billion in 1992) comes mainly from Reserve bank holdings of income-earning securities, primarily those of the U.S. government. Outlays ($1.5 billion in 1992) are mostly for operational expenses in providing services to the government and for expenditures connected with regulation and monetary policy. In 1992 the Federal Reserve returned 416.8 billion in earnings to the U.S. treasury.
1.The Fed of the United States ___.
A.function as China Bank
B.is the counterpart of People’s Bank of China
C.is subjected to the banking community and government
D.has 13 top officers who can influence the American financial market
2.The fact that stock in the Fed belongs to commercial banks ___.
A.doesn’t mean the latter is in control
B.means the latter is in control
C.means the latter is subjected to the Reserve banks
D.means the Reserve banks orient the latter’s policies
3.Which of the following statements is not true according to the passage?
A.The fed is a very big, complex and significant system which comprises many local banks.
B.All the commercial banks are not the components of Federal Reserve System.
C.Board of governors is the supreme policy-makers of America.
D.District Reserve banks rather than Board of governors perform the day-to-day policies.
4.The authority of the federal Reserve ___.
A.has to be shared with other establishments.
B.is exclusive at other times
C.isn’t limited by comptroller of the Currency and FDIC
D.is limited by Board of governors
5.Income of the Board of governors ___.
A.is borrowed from the U.S. treasury
B.is used by the government to make various policies
C.comes from the U.S. Treasury
D.is not granted by the government
答案：BACBD
Two astronauts face a not-so-merry Christmas after being told to ration their food and hope a cargo ship with extra supplies docks on Dec. 21. Russian cosmonaut Salizhan Sharipov and American Leroy Chiao have been asked to cut out calories equal to three cans of Coke from their daily diet—around 10 percent of their daily __1__ and an amount that would be little noticed, NASA said.
Russian officials, quoted in the local media, have __2__ blamed the previous crew for overeating during their one-month mission earlier this year, leaving a __3__ of meat and milk and a surplus of juice and confectionery .
The Dec. 24 launch of the next Progress is now __4__ for the crew, stationed in orbit since October. It is due to __5__ with the ISS on Dec. 21.
NASA officials said their situation was not so different from being cut off on Earth, and their lives were not at risk. If they do not receive __6__supplies, the astronauts would have to __7__ the station and return to Earth on the Soyuz capsule that is docked there.
Russia has been the sole lifeline to the ISS for almost two years when the United States grounded its __8__ fleet after the fatal Columbia accident. Russia has often __9__ of its financial struggle to keep the ISS fully serviced single-handedly. Shuttle flights could __10__in May, officials have said, but in the meantime Russia will continue to launch all manned and cargo ships.
A) deficit B) complaine C) severely D) allowance
E) considerately F) shuttle G) evacuate H) absently
I) adequate J) dock K) resume L) vital
M) trivial N) evaluate O) fresh
What most people don’t realize is that wealth isn’t the same as income. If you make $ 1 million a year and spend $ 1 million, you’re not getting wealthier, you’re just living high. Wealth is what you accumulate, not what you spend.
The most successful accumulators of wealth spend far less than they can afford on houses, cars, vacations and entertainment. Why? Because these things offer little or no return. The wealthy would rather put their money into investments or their businesses. It’s an attitude.
Millionaires understand that when you buy a luxury house, you buy a luxury life –style too. Your property taxes skyrocket, along with the cost of utilities and insurance, and the prices of nearby services, such as grocery stores, tend to be higher.
The rich man’s attitude can also be seen in his car. Many drive old unpretentious sedans. Sam Walton, billionaire founder of the Wal – Mart Store, Inc., drove a pickup truck.
Most millionaires measure success by net worth, not income. Instead of taking their money home, they plow as much as they can into their businesses, stock portfolios and other assets. Why? Because the government doesn’t tax wealth; it taxes income you bring home for consumption, the more the government taxes.
The person who piles up net worth fastest tends to put every dollar he can into investments, not consumption. All the while, of course, he’s reinvesting his earnings from investments and watching his net worth soar. That’s the attitude as well.
The best wealth-builders pay careful attention to their money and seek professional advice. Those who spend heavily on cars, boats and buses, I’ve found, tend to skimp on investment advice. Those who skimp on the luxuries are usually more willing to pay top dollar for good legal and financial advice.
The self-made rich develop clear goals for their money. They may wish to retire early, or they may want to leave an estate to their children. The goals vary, but two things are consistent: they have a dollar figure in mind-the amount they want to save by age 50, perhaps – and they work unceasingly toward that goal.
One thing may surprise you. If you make wealth – not just income – your goal, the luxury house you’ve been dreaming about won’t seem so alluring. You’ll have the attitude.
1.Which of the following statements is true?
A.Wealth is judged according to the life style one has.
B.Inheritance builds an important part in one’s wealth.
C.High income may make one live high and get rich t the same time.
D.Wealth is more of what one has made than anything else.
2.By the author’s opinion, those who spend money on luxury houses and cars_____.
A.will not be taxed by the government
B.have accumulated wealth in another sense
C.live high and have little saved
D.can show that they are among the rich
3.The rich put their money into business because_____.
A.they can get much in return to build their wealth
B.they are not interested in luxury houses and cars
C.their goal is to develop their company
D.that is the only way to spend money yet not to be taxed by the government
4.The U.S. government doesn’t tax what you spend money on _____.
A.cars Bhouses C.stock D.boats
5.To become wealthy, one should______.
A.seek as much income as he can
B.work hard unceasingly
C.stick to the way he lives
D.save up his earnings
答案：DCACB
Section A
Culture shock is an occupational disease for people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most illness, it has its own symptoms and a cure.
Culture shock is accelerated by the anxiety that results from losing all familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These signs, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, or customs, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.
Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar signs are removed. He or she is like a fish out of water. No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be, a series of supports have been knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety. People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes discomfort: "The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad." For example, Americans who are in a strange land get together to grouse about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock. Another phase of culture shock is regression. The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance. To a foreigner, everything becomes irrationally glorified. All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.
47. What kind of people may suffer from culture shock?
48. According to the passage, the signs and cues which we are familiar with help us _________.
49. Most of the cues which we depend on for our peace of mind and our efficiency are obtained ___________.
50. According to the author, how would people who are suffering from culture shock feel?
51. Apart from rejecting the new environment, people who are suffering from culture shock may overestimate _________.
参考答案：
Section A
47. People who suddenly enter a strange culture
或People who are suddenly transplanted abroad.
48. orient ourselves to the situation of daily life.
49. unconsciously in the course of growing up
50. frustrated and anxious.
51. the home environment.
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Pursuing a career is an essential part of adolescent development.“The adolescent becomes an adult when he_26_a real job.”To cognitive researchers like Piaget,adulthood meant the beginning of an_27_.
Piaget argued that once adolescents enter the world of work,their newly acquired ability to form hypotheses allows them to create representations that are too ideal.The_28_of such ideals,without the tempering of the reality of a job or profession,rapidly leads adolescents to become _29_ of the non-idealistic world and to press for reform in a characteristically adolescent way.Piaget said:“True adaptation to society comes_30_when the adolescent reformer attempts to put his ideas to work.”
Of course,youthful idealism is often courageous,and no one likes to give up dreams.Perhaps,taken_31_out of context,Piaget’s statement seems harsh.What he was_32_，however,is the way reality can modify idealistic views.Some people refer to such modification as maturity.Piaget argued that attaining and accepting a vocation is one of the best ways to modify idealized views and to mature.
As careers and vocations become less available during times of _33_,adolescents may be especially hard hit.Such difficult economic times may leave many adolescents_34_about their roles in society.For this reason,community interventions and government job programs that offer summer and vacation work are not only economically_35_but also help to stimulate the adolescent’s sense of worth.
A)automatically I)incidentally
B)beneficial J)intolerant
C)capturing K)occupation
D)confused L)promises
E)emphasizing M)recession
F)entrance N)slightly
G)excited O)undertakes
H)existence
Section B
Directions:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Can societies be rich and green?
[A]“If our economies are to flourish,if global poverty is to be eliminated and if the well-being of the world’s people enhanced—not just in this generation but in succeeding generations—we must make sure we take care of the natural environment and resources on which our economic activity depends.”That statement comes not,as you might imagine,from a stereotypical tree-hugging,save-the-world greenie(环保主义者),but from Gordon Brown,a politician with a reputation for rigour,thoroughness and above all,caution.
[B]A surprising thing for the man who runs one of the world’s most powerful economies to say?Perhaps;though in the run-up to the five-year review of the Millennium(千年的)Goals,he is far from alone.The roots of his speech,given in March at the roundtable meeting of environment and energy ministers from the G20 group of nations,stretch back to 1972,and the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm.
[C]“The protection and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects the well-being of peoples and economic development throughout the world,”read the final declaration from this gathering,the first of a sequence which would lead to the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit in 1992 and the World Development Summit in Johannesburg three years ago.
[D]Hunt through the reports prepared by UN agencies and development groups—many for conferences such as this year’s Millennium Goals review—and you will find that the linkage between environmental protection and economic progress is a common thread.
[E]Managing ecosystems sustainably is more profitable than exploiting them,according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.But finding hard evidence to support the thesis is not so easy.Thoughts turn first to some sort of global statistic,some indicator which would rate the wealth of nations in both economic and environmental terms and show a relationship between the two.
[F]If such an indicator exists,it is well hidden.And on reflection,this is not surprising;the single word“environment”has so many dimensions,and there are so many other factors affecting wealth—such as the oil deposits—that teasing out a simple economy-environment relationship would be almost impossible.
[G]The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment,a vast four-year global study which reported its initial conclusions earlier this year,found reasons to believe that managing ecosystems sustainably—working with nature rather than against it—might be less profitable in the short term,but certainly brings long-term rewards.
[H]And the World Resources Institute(WRI)in its World Resources 2005 report,issued at the end of August,produced several such examples from Africa and Asia;it also demonstrated that environmental degradation affects the poor more than the rich,as poorer people derive a much higher proportion of their income directly from the natural resources around them.
[I]But there are also many examples of growing wealth by trashing the environment,in rich and poor parts of the world alike,whether through unregulated mineral extraction,drastic water use for agriculture,slash-and-burn farming,or fossil-fuel-guzzling(大量消耗)transport.Of course,such growth may not persist in the long term—which is what Mr.Brown and the Stockholm declaration were both attempting to point out.Perhaps the best example of boom growth and bust decline is the Grand Banks fishery.For almost five centuries a very large supply of cod(鳕鱼)provided abundant raw material for an industry which at its peak employed about 40,000 people,sustaining entire communities in Newfoundland.Then,abruptly,the cod population collapsed.There were no longer enough fish in the sea for the stock to maintain itself,let alone an than a decade later,there was no sign of the ecosystem re-building itself.It had,apparently,been fished out of existence;and the once mighty Newfoundland fleet now gropes about frantically for crab on the sea floor.
[J]There is a view that modern humans are inevitably sowing the seed of a global Grand Banks-style disaster.The idea is that we are taking more out of what you might call the planet’s environmental bank balance than it can sustain;we are living beyond our ecological recent study attempted to calculate the extent of this“ecological overshoot of the human economy”,and found that we are using 1.2 Earth’s-worth of environmental goods and services—the implication being that at some point the debt will be called in,and all those services—the things which the planet does for us for free—will grind to a halt.
[K]Whether this is right,and if so where and when the ecological axe will fall,is hard to determine with any precision—which is why governments and financial institutions are only beginning to bring such risks into their economic calculations.It is also the reason why development agencies are not united in their view of environmental issues;while some,like the WRI,maintain that environmental progress needs to go hand-in-hand with economic development,others argue that the priority is to build a thriving economy,and then use the wealth created to tackle environmental degradation.
[L]This view assumes that rich societies will invest in environmental care.But is this right?Do things get better or worse as we get richer? Here the Stockholm declaration is ambiguous.“In the developing countries,”it says,“most of the environmental problems are caused by under-development.”So it is saying that economic development should make for a cleaner world?Not necessarily;“In the industralised countries,environmental problems are generally related to industrialisation and technological development,”it continues.In other words,poor and rich both over-exploit the natural world,but for different reasons.It’s simply not true that economic growth will surely make our world cleaner.
[M]Clearly,richer societies are able to provide environmental improvements which lie well beyond the reach of poorer communities.Citizens of wealthy nations demand national parks,clean rivers,clean air and poison-free food.They also,however,use far more natural resources-fuel,water(all those baths and golf courses)and building materials.
[N]A case can be made that rich nations export environmental problems,the most graphic example being climate change.As a country’s wealth grows,so do its greenhouse gas emissions.The figures available will not be completely emissions is not a precise science, particularly when it comes to issues surrounding land use;not all nations have re-leased up-to-date data,and in any case,emissions from some sectors such as aviation are not included in national statistics.But the data is exact enough for a clear trend to be easily discernible.As countries become richer,they produce more greenhouse gases;and the impact of those gases will fall primarily in poor parts of the world.
[O]Wealth is not,of course,the only factor involved.The average Norwegian is better off than the average US citizen,but contributes about half as much to climate change.But could Norway keep its standard of living and yet cut its emissions to Moroccan or even Ethiopian levels?That question,repeated across a dozen environmental issues and across our diverse planet,is what will ultimately determine whether the human race is living beyond its ecological means as it pursues economic revival.
36.Examples show that both rich and poor countries exploited the environment for economic progress.
protection and improvement benefit people all over the world.
38.It is not necessarily true that economic growth will make our world cleaner.
39.The common theme of the UN reports is the relation between environmental protection and economic growth.
40.Development agencies disagree regarding how to tackle environment issues while ensuring economic progress.
41.It is difficult to find solid evidence to prove environmental friendliness generates more profits than exploiting the natural environment.
42.Sustainable management of ecosystems will prove rewarding in the long run.
43.A politician noted for being cautious asserts that sustainable human development depends on the natural environment.
44.Poor countries will have to bear the cost for rich nations’ economic development.
recent study warns us of the danger of the exhaustion of natural resources on Earth.
Section C
Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
Interactive television advertising, which allows viewers to use their remote controls to click on advertisements, has been pushed for years. Nearly a decade ago it was predicted that viewers of “Friends”, a popular situation comedy, would soon be able to purchase a sweater like Jennifer Aniston’s with a few taps on their remote control.“It’s been the year of interactive television advertising for the last ten or twelve years,”says Colin Dixon of a digital-media consultancy.
So the news that Cablevision, and American cable company, was rolling out interactive advertisements to all its customers on October 6th was greeted with some skepticism. During commercials, an overlay will appear at the bottom of the screen, prompting viewers to press a button to request a free sample or order a catalogue. Cablevision hopes to allow customers to buy things with their remote controls early next year.
Television advertising could do with a boost. Spending fell by 10% in the first half of the year. The popularization of digital video recorders has caused advertisers to worry that their commercials will be skipped. Some are turning to the Internet, which is cheaper and offers concrete measurements like click-through rates—especially important at a time when marketing budgets are tight. With the launch of interactive advertising,“many of the dollars that went to the Internet will come back to the TV,”says David Kline of Cablevision. Or so the industry hopes.
In theory, interactive advertising can engage viewers in a way that 30-second spots do not. Unilever recently ran an interactive campaign for its Axe deodorant(除臭剂)，which kept viewers engaged for more than three minutes on average.
The amount spent on interactive advertising on television is still small. Magna, an advertising agency, reckons it will be worth about $138 million this year. That falls far short of the billions of dollars people once expected it to generate. But DirecTV, Comcast and Time Warner Cable have all invested in it. A new effort led by Canoe Ventures, a coalition of leading cable providers, aims to make interactive advertising available across America later this year. BrightLine iTV, Which designs and sells interactive ads, says interest has surged: it expects its revenues almost to triple this year. BSkyB, Britain’s biggest satellite-television service, already provides 9 million customers with interactive ads.
Yet there are doubts whether people watching television, a“lean back”medium, crave interaction. Click-through rates have been high so far(around 3-4%, compared with less than 0.3% online), but that may be a result of the novelty. Interactive ads and viewers might not go well together.
46.What does Colin Dixon mean by saying“It’s been the year of interactive television advertising for the last ten or twelve years”(Lines 4-5, Para.1)?
A)Interactive television advertising will become popular in 10-12 years.
B)Interactive television advertising has been under debate for the last decade or so.
C)Interactive television advertising is successful when incorporated into situation comedies.
D)Interactive television advertising has not achieved the anticipated results.
47.What is the public’s response to Cablevision’s planned interactive TV advertising program?
A)Pretty positive.
B)Totally indifferent.
C)Somewhat doubtful.
D)Rather critical.
48.What is the impact of the wide use of digital video recorders on TV advertising?
A)It has made TV advertising easily accessible to viewers.
B)It helps advertisers to measure the click-through rates.
C)It has placed TV advertising at a great disadvantage.
D)It enables viewers to check the sales items with ease.
49.What do we learn about Unilever’s interactive campaign?
A)It proves the advantage of TV advertising.
B)It has done well in engaging the viewers.
C)It helps attract investments in the company.
D)it has boosted the TV advertising industry.
50.How does the author view the hitherto high click-through rates?
A)They may be due to the novel way of advertising.
B)They signify the popularity of interactive advertising.
C)They point to the growing curiosity ofTV viewers.
D)They indicate the future direction of media reform.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
What can be done about mass unemployment? All the wise heads agree: there’re no quick or easy answers. There’s work to be done, but workers aren’t ready to do it—they’re in the wrong places, or they have the wrong skills, Our problems are“structural,”and will take many years to solve.
But don’t bother asking for evidence that justifies this bleak view. There isn’t any. On the contrary, all the facts suggest that high unemployment in America is the result of inadequate demand. saying that there’re no easy answers sounds wise. But it’s actually foolish: our unemployment crisis could be cured very quickly if we had the intellectual clarity and political will to act. In other words, structural unemployment is a fake problem, which mainly serves as an excuse for not pursing real solutions.
The fact is job openings have plunged in every major sector, while the number of workers forced into part-time employment in almost all industries has soared. Unemployment has surged in every major occupational category. Only three states. With a combined population not much larger than that of Brooklyn, have unemployment rates below 5%. So the evidence contradicts the claim that we’re mainly suffering from structural unemployment. Why, then, has this claim become so popular?
Part of the answer is that this is what always happens during periods of high unemployment—in part because experts and analysts believe that declaring the problem deeply rooted, with no easy answers, makes them sound serious.
I’ve been looking at what self-proclaimed experts were saying about unemployment during the Great Depression; it was almost identical to what Very Serious People are saying now. Unemployment cannot be brought down rapidly, declared one 1935 analysis, because the workforce is“unadaptable and untrained. It cannot respond to the opportunities which industry may offer.”A few years later, a large defense buildup finally provided a fiscal stimulus adequate to the economy’s needs—and suddenly industry was eager to employ those“unadaptable and untrained”workers.
But now, as then, powerful forces are ideologically opposed to the whole idea of government action on a sufficient scale to jump-start the economy. And that, fundamentally, is why claims that we face huge structural problems have been multiplying: they offer a reason to do nothing about the mass unemployment that is crippling out economy and our society.
So what you need to know is that there’s no evidence whatsoever to back these claims. We aren’t suffering from a shortage of needed skills, We’re suffering from a lack of policy resolve. As I said, structural unemployment isn’t a real problem, it’s an excuse—a reason not to act on America’s problems at a time when action is desperately needed.
51.What does the author think is the root cause of mass unemployment in America?
A)Corporate mismanagement.
B)Insufficient demand.
C)Technological advances.
D)Workers’ slow adaptation.
52.What does the author think of the experts’ claim concerning unemployment?
A)Self-evident.
B)Thought-provoking.
C)Irrational.
D)Groundless.
53.What does the author say helped bring down unemployment during the Great Depression?
A)The booming defense industry.
B)The wise heads’ benefit package.
C)Nationwide training of workers.
D)Thorough restructuring of industries.
54.What has caused claims of huge structural problems to multiply?
A)Powerful opposition to government’s stimulus efforts.
B)Very Serious People’s attempt to cripple the economy.
C)Evidence gathered from many sectors of the industries.
D)Economists’ failure to detect the problems in time.
55.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?
A)To testify to the experts’ analysis of America’s problems.
B)To offer a feasible solution to the structural unemployment.
C)To show the urgent need for the government to take action.
D)To alert American workers to the urgency for adaptation.
Caught in a squeeze between the health needs of aging populations on one hand and the financial crisis on the other, governments everywhere are looking for ways to slow the growth in health-care spending. Increasingly, they are looking to the generic-drugs (普通药物) industry as a savior. In November Japans finance ministry issued a report complaining that the countrys use of generics was less than a third of that in America or Britain. In the same month Canadas competition watchdog criticized the countrys pharmacies for failing to pass on the savings made possible by the use of generic drugs. That greed, it reckoned, costs taxpayers nearly C$1 billion a year.
Then on November 28th the European Commission issued the preliminary results of its year-long probe into drug giants in the European Union. The report reached a damning~, though provisional, conclusion: the drugs firms use a variety of unfair strategies to protect their expensive drugs by delaying the entry of cheaper generic opponents. Though this initial report does not carry the force of law (a final report is due early next year), it has caused much controversy. Neelie Kroes, the EUs competition commissioner, says she is ready to take legal action if the evidence allows.
One strategy the investigators criticize is the use of the "patent duster( 专利群)". A firm keen to defend its drug due to go off-patent may file dozens or hundreds of new patents, often of dubious merit, to confuse and terrify potential copycats and maintain its monopoly. An unnamed drugs firm once took out 1,300 patents across the EU on a single drug. The report also suggests that out-of-court settlements between makers of patented drags and generics firms may be a strategy used by the former to delay market entry by the latter.
According to EU officials, such misdeeds -have delayed the arrival of generic competition and the accompanying savings. On average, rite report estimates, generics arrived seven months after a patented drug lost its protection, though where the drug was a big seller the lag was four months. The report says taxpayers paid about q 3 billion more than they would have-had the generics gone on sale immediately.
But hang on a minute, Though many of the charges of bad behavior leveled at the patented-drugs industry by EU investigators may well be true, the report seems to let the generics industry off the hook(钩子) too lightly. After all, if the drugs giants stand accused, in effect, of bribing opponents to delay the launch of cheap generics, shouldnt the companies that accepted those "bribes" also share the blame?
56. Why are governments around the world seeking ways to reduce their health-care spending?
A) They consider the generic-drugs industry as a savior.
B) They are under the double pressure of aging group and financial crisis.
C) Health-care spending has accounted too large proportion.
D) Health-care spending has cost taxpayers too much income.
57. What can we learn from the report issued by the European Commission?
A) Drug firm will use just ways to protect their drags.
B) Cheaper generic drugs are easy to enter market,
C) The report has come to an ultimate conclusion.
D) The final report may lead to commissioners legal action.
58. The investigators seriously condemned the drug firms for__________.
A) they do not let their opponents to resort to the comet
B) they use clusters of patents to protect their products
C) they bribe the cheaper generic opponents
D) trey do not pass on the savings made by use of generic drugs
59. On average, the genetics will be delayed to enter the market by __________.
A) seven months
B) three months
C) four months
D) eleven months
60. Which of the following accords with the authors view?
A) Charges on patented-drug industry are anything but true.
B) Generics industry is a sheer victim in the competition.
C) Only drug giants are to blame.
D) Exclusion of generics industry from taking responsibility is questionable.
56.B)。定位 由题干中的governments及seeking ways to reduce the health-care spending定位到文章第一段第一句：Caught in a squeeze between the health needs of aging populations on one hand and the financial crisis on the other，governments everywhere are looking for ways to slow the growth in health-care spending.
解 推理判断题。由定位句可知，各国政府一方面面临老龄化人群的健康需求，另一方面受到金融危机的影响，所以都在寻求减少医疗保健开支的途径，B)符合题意。第一段第二句提到they are looking to the genetic-drugs industry as a savior，但是普通药物只是各国政府减少开支的一个方法，并不是他们这么做的原因，故排除A);C)的说法在文中没有提及；本段最后一句提到That greed…costs taxpayers nearly C $1 billion a year.这里是说药店的贪心导致纳税人受损，并不是说保健花费的问题，故排除D)。
57.D)。定位 由题干中的the report issued by the European Commission定位到文章第二段第一句：Then on November 28th the European Commission issued the preliminary results...
详解 事实细节题。定位句提到，11月28日欧洲委员会发布的一个初步调查报告，下文开始对该报告进行描述，由第二段最后一句Neelie Kroes，the EUs competition commissioner，says she is ready to take legal action if the evidence allows.可推断如果证据充足，委员们会采取行动，D)符合题意。第二段第二句提到the drugs firms use a variety of unfair strategies to protect their expensive drugs by delaying the entry of cheaper generic opponents，可见药物公司使用了不公平的竞争手段，推迟普通药物的上市，故排除A)、B);该句前半句提到The report reached a damning，though provisional，conclusion…，可见该报告的结论只是暂时的。，并不是最终结论(ultimate conclusion)，故排除C)。
58.B)。定位 由题干中的The investigators seriously condemned the drug firms定位到文章第三段第一句：0ne strategy the investigators criticize is the use of the patent cluster(专利群)”。
详解 推理判断题。由定位句可知，调查员们严厉谴责药品公司是因为其利用“专利群”这一策略，即为一个产品申请多项专利，B)符合题意。A)的表述在文中并未提及，故排除；最后一段最后一句虽然提到bribing opponents to delay the launch of cheap genetics，但是作者没有说这是研究者们强烈谴责的方法，故排除C);第一段倒数第二句提到Canada’s competition watchdog criticized the country’s pharmacies for failing to pass on the savings。可见这里受到谴责的是加拿大的药店，不是所有药品公司，故排除D)。
59.A)。定位 根据题干中的on average，the genetics will be delayed定位到文章第四段第二句：0n average，the report estimates，genetics arrived seven months after a patented drug lost its protection，though where the drug Was a big seller the lag Was four months.
详解 事实细节题。由定位句可知，平均来说，普通药物要等专利药物的专利保护失效7个月后才能上市，A)符合题意。B)、D)中的数字文中没有提及；文中提到了four months，但指的是畅销药品被推迟的时间，而不是平均的，故排除C)。
60.D)。定位 根据题干中的authors view定位到文章最后一段第二句：Though many of the charges of bad behavior leveled at the patented—drugs industry by EU investigators may well be true，the report seems to let the generics industry off the hook(钩子)too lightly.
详解 观点态度题。由定位句可知，作者认为欧盟调查员们对专利药物行业的控诉是正确的，但不应让普通制药行业太轻易地逃脱责 由定位句可知，作者同意调查员们对专利药物行业的看法，A)中的anything but true的说法太绝对，故排除；作者认为普通药物行业也应该承担责任，可见它并不完全是个受害者，也不应该仅仅谴责制药大亨，故排除B)、C)。
Eye Language
Just back from a tour of several Arabian Gulf countries, a woman recalls how jumpy she felt talking to men there. "Not because of what they said," she explains, "but what they did with their eyes." Instead of the occasional blink, Arabs lowered their lids so slowly and languorously that she was convinced they were falling asleep. In Japan eye contact is a key to the way you feel about someone. And the less of it,the better. What a Westerner considers an honest look in the eye, the Oriental takes as a lack of respect and a personal affront. Even when shaking hands or bowing — and especially when conversing — only an occasional glance into the other person's face is considered polite. The rest of the time, great attention should be paid to fingertips, desktops, and the warp and woof of the carpet. "Always keep your shoes shined in Tokyo," advises an electronics representative who has spent several days there. "You can bet a lot of Japanese you meet will have their eyes on them."
阅读自测
I. Do you understand the meaning of the following sentences relating to eye and could you explain them in your own words ?
1. His eye s are bigger than his stomach.
2. He's got a black eye .
3. Mary spent the whole evening making eyes at other men.
4. The trip to Australia was quite an eye-opener.
5. My wife and I don't see eye to eye on this matter.
6. She is always the apple of her father's eye .
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions:
1. The discovery of the murder weapon provided the key the mystery.
2. Please keep an eye the baby for me.
3. Can you look me the eye and say you didn't steal it?
4. For a moment her words didn't sink .
参考答案
Ⅰ.
1. He is too greedy in asking for or taking more food than he can eat.
2. He's been beaten by somebody and there is a dark bruised skin around his eye.
3. Mary spent the whole evening looking at other men amorously and seductively.
4. The trip to Australia was very enlightening and brought some surprises to me.
5. I don't agree with my wife on this matter.
6. She is loved much by his father.
Ⅱ. 1. to 2. on 3 . in 4 . in
参考译文
眼睛的语言
从波斯湾的几个国家旅行回来后， 一位女士回想起她同当地男子谈话时忐忑不安的情景。“不是他们说话的内容，”她解释说，“ 而是他们说话时的眼神让我紧张不安。”阿拉伯人不是偶尔眨一下眼睛，而是缓慢而倦怠地垂下眼睑，这使她误以为这些阿拉伯人就要睡着了。
在日本，眼神的接触是你了解别人的关键所在。眼神接触越少越好。西� 实际上，在握手或鞠躬的时候，尤其是在两人交谈的时候，偶尔朝对方的脸上扫一眼才是礼貌的举动。其他时候，谈话人则应把注意力集中在指尖、桌面以及地毯表面的纹理上。“ 在东京，记住一定要让你的皮鞋保持光亮可鉴。”一位已经在那里呆了几天的电子产品代理人提出忠告，“ 我敢说许多你遇到的日本人都会对你的鞋盯上几眼的。”
阅读导评
眼睛被誉为“心灵的窗户”, 它传达着无声的语言， 具有反映深层心理的功能。眼神的交流是人们一个非常重要的交际手段。西方文化中有这样一句话———不要相信那些不敢直视你的人。在美国人看来， 不直视对方眼睛是不诚实、虚伪、心不在焉的表现； 而在东方人看来， 避免直视对方则是为了表示礼貌、尊敬或服从。因为文化不同而造成误解是在所难免的， 化解尴尬、成功交际的唯一办法是设法了解彼此间的文化差异和风俗习惯。
词意解析
1. 阿拉伯湾， 也称为Persian Gulf ( 波斯湾) , 是印度洋的一个边缘海， 位于伊朗高原与阿拉伯半岛之间。
2. languorously adv. 倦怠地， 无精打采地。该词的名词形式是languor ( 倦怠， 慵困) , 动词形式是languish, 如： His vigilance never languished. ( 他的警觉从未松懈过。)
3. 眼神接触越少越好。这种结构相当于汉语中的“ 越越”, 表示两个过程按比例同时递增。better 后面省略了it is, 因为这种结构往往有省略。例如： The sooner, the better.( 越早越好。)
4. 东方人， 尤指中国人和日本人。与该词相对应的是the Occidental ( 西方人， 欧美人) 。
5. take . . . as 视为， 把理解为， 如： She took what he said as a compliment. ( 她把他的002 话看作是恭维话。)
6. conversing 是converse 的动名词形式， 意为“ 谈话， 交谈”。其名词形式是conversation。例如： Although they were strangers, they conversed with ease. ( 他们虽然互不相识， 却谈得很自在融洽。)
7. warp n. ( 织物的) 经线； woof n. ( 织物的) 纬线； the warp and the woof of the carpet 指“ 地毯表面的纹理”。the warp and woof of sth. 还可以引申为“ 某事物的基础或结构”。
8. have one's eyes on 密切注意， 注视， 如： Businessmen always have their eyes on the new trade opportunities. ( 商人们总在关注着新的贸易机会。)
Women are also underrepresented in the administration and this is because there are so few women 11 professors. In 1985, Regent Beryl Milburn produced a report blasting the University of Texas System administration for not 12 women. The University was rated among the lowest for the system. In a 1587 update, Milburn 13 and praised the progress that was made and called for even more
One of the positive results from her study was a system-wide program to inform women of available administrative jobs.
College of Communication Associate Dean, Patricia Witherspoon, said it is important that woman be 15 when it comes to relocating if they want to 16 in the ranks.
Although a woman may face a chilly 17 on campus, many times in order for her to succeed, she must rise above the problems around her and concentrate on her work.
Until women make up a greater 18 of the senior positions in the University and all academia, inequalities will exist.
"Women need to spend their energies and time doing scholarly activities that are important here at the University. " Spirduso said. "If they do that they will be 19 in this system. If they spend their time in little groups mourning the sexual discrimination that they think exists here, they are 20 wasting valuable study time. "
A. full B. recalled C. improvement D. rise
E. encouraging F. flexible G. recognized H. idly
I. ratio J. persuading K. movable L. possibly
M. successful N. climate O. percentage
答案：11. A 12. E 13. G 14. C 15. F 16. D 17. N 18. O 19. M 20. H
Leonardo da Vinci was the first man to suggest that growing trees add a new ring in their trunks each year. The 11 in these rings relates to the physical conditions which the tree experiences. Thus, trees grown in a 12 area and time each develop a pattern or configuration of their rings.
This 13 was of little significance until Andrew E. Douglas began to study tree rings in Arizona in 1900. Using a technique called cross dating, he was able to employ tree rings to the study of archaeological sites and date the ruins with 14 . Some were as old as 6700 B. C. ! This study of tree rings is called dendrochronology.
In time the cross dating was 15 by a carbon 14 process. This approach measured the amount of carbon 14 radiating from a piece of wood and 16 to determine the age of that wood. Further use of the carbon 14 technique has shown that the radiation process is more complex and less 17 than had been at first thought.
The most 18 aspect of tree ring research is now called
dendroclimatology. This 19 of the reconstruction of climates and climatic cycles and events from the evidence found in the tree rings. From this it is hoped that a 20 of drought cycles can be determined in the American Southwest. Such information will be of great help in determining the life and ecology of that region of the United States.
A. thus
B. model
C. variation
D. concept
E. accuracy
F. exciting
G. consists
H. given
I. proposition
J. composes
K. further
L. pattern
M. supplemented
N. reliable
O. excellent
11. C 12. H 13. D 14. E 15. M 16. A 17. N 18. F 19. G 20. L
我
The life story of the human species goes back a million years, and there is no doubt that man came only recently to the western hemisphere. None of the thousands of sites of aboriginal (土著的) habitation uncovered in North and South America has antiquity comparable to that of old World sites. Man‘s occupation of the New World may date several tens of thousands of years, but no one rationally argues that he has been here even 100,000 years. Speculation as to how man found his way to America was lively at the outset, and the proposed routes boxed the compass. With one or two notable exceptions, however, students of American anthropology soon settled for the plausible idea that the first immigrants came b way of a land bridge that had connected the northeast comer of Asia to the northwest corner of North America across the Bering Strait. Mariners were able to supply the reassuring information that the strait is not only narrow – it is 56 miles wide – but also shallow, a lowering of the sea level there by 100 feet or so would transform the strait into an isthmus (地峡). With little eels in the way of evidence to sustain the Bering Strait land bridge, anthropologists (人类学家) embraced the idea that man walked dryshod (不湿鞋的) from Asia to America. Toward the end of the last century, however, it became apparent that the Western Hemisphere was the New World not only for man but also for a host of animals and plants. Zoologists and botanists showed that numerous subjects of their respective kingdoms must have originated in Asia and spread to America. These findings were neither astonishing nor wholly unexpected. Such spread of populations is not to be envisioned as an exodus or mass migration, even in the case of animals. It is, rather, a spilling into new territory that accompanies increase in numbers, with movement in the direction of least population pressure and most favorable ecological conditions. But the immense traffic in plant and animal‘s forms placed a heavy burden on the Bering Strait land bridge as the anthropologists ahead envisioned it. Whereas purposeful men could make their way across a narrow bridge, the slow diffusion of plant and animals would require an avenue as a continent and available for ages at a stretch.
1.The movement of plants and animals form Asia to America indicates ______.
A.that they could not have traveled across the Bering Strait
B.that Asia and the Western hemisphere were connected by a large land mass
C.that the Bering Sea was an isthmus at one time
D.that migration was in the one direction only
2.The author is refuting the notion that _____.
A.life arose in America independently of life in Europe
B.the first settlers in America came during the sixteenth century
C.a large continent once existed which has disappeared
D.man was a host to animals and plants
3.By using the words ―boxed the compass ―(in Line 7) the author implies that _____.
A.the migration of mankind was from West to East
B.the migration of mankind was from East to West
C.mankind traveled in all directions
D.mankind walked from Asia to America
4.One reason for the migration not mentioned by the author is _____.
A.overcrowding
B.favorable environmental conditions
C.famine D.the existence of a land bridge
5.We may assume that in the paragraph that follows this passage the author argues about______.
A.the contributions of anthropologist
B.the contributions of zoologists and botanists
C.the contributions made by the American Indians
D.the existence of a large land mass between Asia and North America
Depending on which player you ask, the "Fevernova" ball that sports equipment maker Adidas says provides the ultimate soccer experience is Uncontrollable, too big or just simply "stupid". The ball also has its fans, like Englands David Beckham. but so far they seem to have been outnumbered by critics.
Adidas says the ball. splashed with gold coloring. is quite simply the best around-25 percent more accurate than the ball used at France 98 thanks to meticulous testing by scientists in Germany.
The tongue-twisting nature of its contents confirms that the World Cup ball has come a long way from the leather-and-laces variety that was common as recently as the 1960s.
The Fevernovas secret. Adidas says. is its radically improved Syntactic foam and unique knitted Raschel fabric.
Given that this is supposed to make the ball faster and provide the freekick specialists like Beckham withmore power, it may not be surprising that goalkeepers like Buffon are unhappy. Spain goalkeeper Pedro Contreras said the bail acts "strangely", while Danish keeper Thomas Sorensen admitted gloomily that it would probably result in more spectacular goals. "As a goalkeeper, you have to live with the fact that the makers create balls for the benefit of strikers." he said before leaving Copenhagen for South Korea.
But outfield players have also weighed in with criticism, many saying the ball is too light and therefore hard to control. "It’s big and its too light," Japans Jiji news agency quoted Brazilian forward Edilsonas saying earlier this month. while striker Rivaldo said it soared too far when kicked.
Journalists at the main press centre in Yokohama have been given the chance to try out the Fevernova from the penalty spot, with the aim of hitting special targets in the goal. So far. few have been able to scoremore than five out of ten, although this may have little to do with the quality of the ball.
Putz. admits that the ball is on the light side of FIFAs 420 to 445 gram weight requirement. but says it is no bigger than previous balls.
The controversy over the ball also has an off-pitch dimension. Industry insiders say it may be no coincidence that players from Brazil. sponsored by Adidas rival Nike, have been among the balls most vociferous critics.
The same might go for the praise dished out for the ball by Beckham. one of the main players used to promote Adidas equipment.
1. How does Adidas describe the "Fevernova”ba11?
A) The experience provided by the ball is the best so far.
B) The ball is almost impossible to control because of its large size.
C) The ball has gone through a long way of development.
D) The experience provided by the ball is most welcome by strikers.
2. What does the author think about the Syntactic foam and unique Raschel fabric chat are used to make theball?
A) The materials have long been used in history.
B) The materials do not sound Familiar.
C) The materials are new and advanced.
D) The materials improve che precision of the ball.
3. The goalkeepers tend to admit reluctantly that_____________.
A) the ball is too strange to control
B) the ball is so light that it goes too fast
C) the ball may make the game more thrilling
D) the ball may help to enhance the strikers skills
4. Which of the following js true according to Putz?
A) The ball is lighter than but of the same size as the previous ones.
B) The ball should have been heavier to meet the required weight.
C) The ball should have been bigger than the previous ones.
D) The ball is light but still meets the weight requirement.
5. According to industry insiders. Beckhams comment on the ball_____________.
A) is justified in his daily training
B) is out of commercial purpose
C) goes as radical as the Brazilian players
D) is similar to that by the Brazilian players
答案：
1.阿迪达斯如何形容“飞火流星”球？
A) 这个球所带来的体验是迄今为止最好的。
B) 这个球基本上不可能控制，因为体积太大了。
C) 这个球已经经过了很长时间的开发。
D) 这个球所带来的体验最为前锋所欢迎。
[A]首段首句中的ultimate experience表明Adidas公司认为“飞火流星”是至今最完美的足球，因此选项A为本题答案。
2. 作者怎么看用来制造这个球的复合泡沫塑料以及独特的拉歇尔经编针织物？
A) 在历史上这种材料已经使用了很长时间。
B) 这种材料听上去很陌生。
C) 这种材料是新型的先进的。
D) 这种材料提高了球的精准度。
[B]第3段开头的tongue-twisting表明人们对于制作“飞火流星”的材料及其功能都并不熟悉，因此选项B为本题答案。第3段表明“飞火流星”的材料经过很长时间才研制出来，并非长久以来一直在使用，由此可见。选项A不正确；第4段是Adidas公司的看法，并非作者的看法，因此选项C不符合题意；根据第2段可判断选项D也是Adidas公司的看法。而并非作者的看法。
3.守门员会不情愿地承认，______________。
A) 这个球很奇怪，很难控制 B)这个球很轻，速度太快
C) 这个球会让整场比赛更加精彩 D)这个球可以提高前锋的技艺
[C]本题题干中的reluctantly是关键词，指出本题要求查找的是“飞火流星”具有的优点，而这个优点是守门员们不想面对或承认的。选项C与第5段第2句中的gloomily that it would probably result in more spectacular goals 内容相近，符合题意。为本题答案。
4.根据Putz所说，下列哪一种说法是正确的？
A) 相比以前同样大小的球，这种球更加轻。
B) 这种球本应该更重一些，才能达到要求的重量。
C) 这种球本应该比以往的球更大一些。
D) 这种球很轻，但是仍能达到要求的重量。
[D]本题要求正确理解第8段中的on the light side of FIFAs 420 to 445 gram weight requirement，该句应理解为“飞火流星”重量偏轻，但仍属于要求范围内，选项D是正确的理解，为本题答案。
5. 根据业内人士所称，贝克汉姆对这种球的`评价_________________.
A) 是根据他平时的训练所作出的
B)是出于商业目的的考虑
C) 跟巴西球员的评价一样激烈
D) 与巴西球员的评价类似
[B]概括最后两段可以得知，业内人士认为对“飞火流星”的批评和称赞都与赞助公司有关，也就是说，这些评价都出于商业目的，由此可推断选项B为本题答案。选项A中的training在原文根本没有提及；末段开头的The same might go 表明的是Beckham和巴西球员对“飞火流星”做出的评价源于相似的目的，而非表明他们的评价内容相似，程度相同，因此选项C和D都不正确。
1. D 空格前为形容词daily，空格后为连词and和an amount，分析句子结构可知，此处应填入一个名词。原文提到，俄罗斯和美国宇航员被要求减少摄取饮食中的热量，被减少的热量相当于三杯可乐的热量，大约减少了他们日常的10%，显然破折号前面的daily diet和此处的daily 表达相同的含义，结合选项可知daily allowance最合适，意为“每日供给量”。
2. C 空格前为have，空格后为blamed，判断此处应该填一个副词。选项中可以修饰blame的只有severely “严厉地”。
3. A 空格前为不定冠词a，判断此处应该填一个名词。分析句子结构可知，a of meat and milk和a surplus of juice and confectionery为并列结构，故此处应填一个和surplus相对或者相近的名词，结合选项，此处可填入 deficit，意为“不足”。
4. L 空格前出现了系动词is，空格后为for the crew，此处要表达下一阶段的12月24日的发射对自从10月份就驻扎在太空轨道中的`宇航员们来说是…，结合选项中给出的形容词，只有vital合适，意为“重要的”。
5. J 空格前为不定式符号to，后为介词with，分析此处应填入动词原形，且与with构成搭配。根据上下文语境：在12月21日，它将和国际空间站…，动词选项中只有dock符合文意，dock with为固定结构，意为“与 对接”。
6. O 空格前为动词，空格后为名词，分析此处应填一个形容词，来修饰空格后的名词。此处指出，如果他们没有收到供给，宇航员就不得不返回地球，结合选项中的形容词，此处填入fresh符合句意，fresh supplies意为 “新鲜供应”，也指“新增补给”。
7. G 空格前为have to,空格后为the station，分析此处应填一个动词原形。此处语境为：但如果他们没有收到新鲜的供给，宇航员就不得不…空间站并返回到位于地球的联盟号宇宙飞船中。回到地球，肯定就要“离开”空间 站，选项中只有表示“离开，撤离”。
8. F 空格前为形容词性物主代词its(指美国的)，空后为名词fleet，显然its fleet要表达的是“美国的 舰队”。此处语境为：自哥伦比亚号失事后，美国停飞了它的……，而这两年的时间里俄罗斯一直是国际空间站的唯一的生命线。此处显然要填表示“飞机；飞船” 的单词，shuttle fleet意为“航天飞机”，为固定搭配，符合句意。
9. B 空格前有助动词has,空格后为介词of,判断空处应填一个动词的过去分词，且可与of搭配。此处要表达：俄罗斯经常…它独自维持国际空间站运营的财政困难，结合选项，俄罗斯显然是在“抱怨”，complain of...意 为“抱怨……”，符合句意。
10. K空格前为情态动词could，空格后为in May，判断此处应填一个不及物动词。此句意为“官员说道，航天飞机会在五月…，但同时，俄罗斯会继续发射载人和载物飞船。”结合选项只有resume符合文意，意为“重新开始 (飞行)”
选词填空
26.G hypotheses 假设
填名词，根据后面两个名词可知，这里一定填复数名词，即“好的科学基于假设、实验和方法论。”
27. C convincing 令人信服的
填形容词，“好的科学需要令人信服的理解、明确的解释和清晰的展示”
填形容词，意思与后文clear，consise为同义词。“好的科学需要令人信服的理解、明确的解释、简明的陈述”
28. A arena 舞台
填名词，“科学家愿意踏入公共的舞台(公众的视野)”。
29.B contextual
填形容词，与understandable并列，语义相同，即“语言是公众能根据上下文能理解的”
30.I incorporate 合并
填动词原形，to support… and to incorporate knowledges into…,incorporate into动词固定搭配。“把知识融入我们的公共交流中”
31.D devoted 奉献
填动词过去式。devote to固定搭配。“把17%的花费投入到研究和发展中”。
32.N reaping 获得
填现在分词。reaping decades of economic growth,“获得几十年的经济增长”。
33.E digits 位数
填名词。single digits个位数。“这个数字下降到个位数”。
34.M pride
填动词原形。pride一词多性，这里考察动词用法：pride oneself on sth，以某人为自豪。“我们不仅以研究为自豪，也为对世界的进步做出的贡献而自豪”。
35. F hasten
填动词原形。“为了促进科学从实验室到市场的发展”
长篇阅读
36. D. 题干讲消费者担心智能家居产品兼容性。D段有举例，并提到 there are so many compatibility issues to think about.
37. K. 只有这段提到。
38. B. 题干讲既没有下降也没有像过去一样快速增长，B段有：But now these segments are looking at slower growth curves-or shrinking markets in some cases…
39. L. 题干讲某研究员建议新产品的优缺点都要接受，L段有：Curren, the Accenture analyst, said… We have to understand and think about the implications, and balance these great innovations with the potential downside they naturally carry with them.
40. F. 题干讲更关注实用价值而不是炫酷，F段有：we are starting to see companies shift from what is… into what all of these devices do that is practical in a consumer’s life.
41. A 题干讲越来越没有啥新玩意儿，A段有：Many of the collest gadgets this year are the same as the coolest gadgets last year-or the year befoere,even.
42. H. 题干讲消费者越来越不愿意提供个人信息去定制产品和服务，H段有：it seems that consumers are growing more uneasy about handing over the massive amounts of consumer data needed to provide the personalized, customized solutions that companies need to improve their services.
而J段是在讲已经不愿意定制个性化产品和服务段原因。
43. E. 题干讲CTA是CES段发起者，E段有：DuBravac works for CTA-which puts on the show each year-…
仔细阅读
46. A it is unfair to those climate-venerable nations.
细节题，题目定位词除了Paris climate agreement之外还有一个重点定位词critical，问作者为什么对此协议是批判态度，在文中并不是很明确找到。第一段交代这项协议的具体时间内容等，第二段才谈到作者的批判态度。即we reveal just how deep this injustice runs,作者认为这是不公的，this injustice指代前两句，遭遇气候伤害的国家(少数4%国家)却承担一大半全球温室气体排放的责任，这是不公的。injustice=unfair
47.C They hardly pay anything for the problem they have caused
细节题。定位词“free-riders”，这个词在第三段，冒号后解释说，通过大量温室气体排造成严重问题，同时却不用承担气候变化的代价。In other words后面的句子也在解释同一件事情。原文出现cost和problem 在正确答案中以pay和problem复现。
48.C They have to bear consequences they are not responsible for
细节题，定位词“forced-riders”和second-hand smokers，定位在第四段，who are suffering from climate impacts despite having scarcely contributed to the problem.这些forced-riders没有助长全球变暖这个问题但却要承担气候问题的不良后果。答案为近义词替换：bear consequences=suffer from impacts，be not responsible for=scarcely contribute to
49.B There is no final agreement on where it will come from
细节题，定位词“100 billion”，定位到第7段，该段出现核心考点“however”，说明整个段落对这笔资金的使用是转折后的评价，即负评价。答案应该选择B或C两个包含负评价的词之一(均出现no)。其中B There is no final agreement on where it will come from是对应转折后面的两个不足中的第二个不足，即对There is also very little detail on who will provide the funds or importantly who is responsible for their provision的同义改写，即协议中对谁提供资金及谁承担募集资金的责任没有做明确说明，探讨资金来源而非资金花费的方式。
50. D putting in effect the policies in the agreement at once
细节题，定位词urgent action 对应第8段(倒数第二段)，there must urgently be a meaningful mobilization of the policies outlined in the agreement即动用协定中拟定的政策，近义词替换put in effect(生效)=mobilization(动用)，及原词复现。
passage 2
51.C Teenagers’ mental problems are often too conspicuous not to be observed.
句子理解题。考查句子意思与上下文相同或相反，此处上下文无转折词，应读下一句话：Their risky behaviors can alert parents and teachers that serious problems are brewing.其意思是青少年的一些危险举动—喝酒吸毒等—能警告父母老师大事不妙了。对应答案青少年的心理问题是非常显而易见得观察到的。serious problems指心理问题，conspicuous behaviors指破折号中的危险举动的概括改写。
52. D Many hitherto unobserved youngsters may have psychological problems
细节题。对应第二段转折but a new study：有一些青少年(睡眠不足不爱活动等行为)可能会有着同样的得精神疾病(psychiatric symptoms)的危险，正确答案对此处是概括型改写，那些行为对应着unobserved youngsters，也与上文的易观察的`行为有着转折关系，psychological problems对应psychiatric symptoms。
53. B Their behaviors do not constitute a warning signal.
细节题，定位词invisible risk,对应第三段，直接给出原因句：because their behaviors are not usually seen as a red flag. 同义替换warning signal=red flag
54.A They are almost as liable to depression as the high-risk group
细节题，顺序原则+定位词invisible group，至定位句but the invisible group wasn’t far behind the high-risk set,with more than 13%of them exhibiting depression. 定位即答案，两句话均表示，这一群体和高危青少年群体在表现抑郁症的比例上几乎不相上下。
55. B it provides new early-warning signals for identifying teens in trouble.
细节题，Carli和significance 对应最后一段it provides new early-warning signs for parents teachers and mental healthcare providers.
The food irradiation process is a simple one. The new U.S. plant, Vindicator of Florida Incorporated in Mulberry, Fla., uses a material called cobalt 60 to irradiate food. Cobalt 60 is radioactive isotope (form) of the metallic element cobalt. Cobalt 60, which gives off radiation in the form of gamma rays, is also used for radiation therapy for cancer patients and for sterilizing hospital equipment. The radioactive isotope is created by bombarding cobalt with subatomic particles in a nuclear reactor. However, irradiation plants do not themselves contain nuclear reactors.
In the irradiation plant, food is exposed to thin rods of cobalt 60. The rods give off gamma rays, which disrupt chemical processes in contaminating organisms. The disruption breaks down the cell walls of organisms or destroys their genetic material. The dose, set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), is enough to kill organisms on food, but not enough to produce significant changes in the food itself.
Although irradiation slightly decreases the nutritive value of foods, the loss is less than that produced by some other methods of food preservation. Canning, for example, results in a much greater loss of nutrients.
Those who object to irradiation say that the process may create substances not found in nonirradiated food. Since the 1960’s researchers have studied irradiated food at microscopic levels to try to find such substances, called unique radiolytic products. After reviewing these studies, the FDA determined that compounds formed during irradiation are similar to substance found in nonirradiated foods and are not dangerous to consume.
Destruction of microorganisms that cause illness is an important goal of irradiation. About 250 million cases of food poisoning or 1 per person—occur every year in the U.S., according to FDA estimates. Food poisoning can cause vomiting, diarrhea, fever, headache—and, occasionally, death.
Because of the apparent safety of food irradiation, and the problems presented by contaminated food, scientific groups—including the American Medical Association, the World Health Organization, and the United Nations food and Agriculture Association—have voiced nearly universal support for the process. Worldwide, 38 nations have approved irradiation for 355 products.
Like microwave ovens, food irradiation has aroused apprehension and misunderstanding. Yet it has been scrutinized more thoroughly than other methods of food treatment that we have come to regard as safe, and it appears to be a method whose time has come.
1.Cobalt 60, besides irradiating food, is also employed to ___.
A.detect metallic flaws
B.run a nuclear reactor
C.cure cancer patients
D.strengthen concrete walls
2.Gamma rays used to irradiate food ___.
A.are generally not strong enough to destroy contaminating organisms
B.do not bring about significant changes in the food itself
C.may destroy some of the nutrients in the food
D.should be submitted to FDA for approval
3.Irradiated food ___.
A.certainly loses its nutritive value
B.maintains its nutritive value no different from the nonirradiated
C.keeps its nutritive value better than canned food
D.is recommended as the best of all preserved foods
4.With cases of food poisoning increasing, ___.
A.food irradiation should be carried out with care
B.it is more urgent to irradiate foods
C.medical researches into treatment of the diseased should be strengthened
D.Americans are beginning to accept food irradiation
5.The passage may be taken from ___.
A.a news report
B.a textbook of food processing
C.a book of popular science
D.a manual of food irradiation
答案：CBCCD
There was on shop in the town of Mufulira, which was notorious for its color bar. It was a drugstore. While Europeans were served at the counter, a long line of Africans queued at the window and often not only were kept waiting but, when their turn came to be served, were rudely treated by the shop assistants. One day I was determined to make a public protest against this kind of thing, and many of the schoolboys in my class followed me to the store and waited outside to see what would happen when I went in.
I simply went into the shop and asked the manager politely for some medicine. As soon as he saw me standing in the place where only European customers were allowed to stand he shouted at me in a bastard language that is only used by an employed when speaking to his servants. I stood at the counter and politely requested in English that I should be served. The manager became exasperated and said to me in English, “If you stand there till Christmas I will never serve you.”
I went to the District commissioner’s office. Fortunately the District Commissioner was out, for he was one of the old school; however, I saw a young District Officer who was a friend of mine. He was very concerned to hear my story and told me that if ever I wanted anything more from the drugstore all I had to do was come to him personally and he would buy my medicine for me. I protested that that was not good enough. I asked him to accompany me back to the store and to make a protest to the manager. This he did, and I well remember him saying to the manager, “Here is Mr. Kaunda who is a responsible member of the Urban Advisory Council, and you treat him like a common servant.” The manager of the drugstore apologized and said, “If only he had introduced himself and explained who he was, then, of course I should have given him proper service.”
I had to explain once again that he had missed my point. Why should I have to introduce myself every time I went into a store…any more than I should have to buy my medicine by going to a European friend? I want to prove that any man of any color, whatever his position, should have the right to go into any shop and buy what he wanted.
1.“Color bar” in the first paragraph comes closest in meaning to ___.
A. a bar which is painted in different colors.
B. the fact that white and black customers are served separately.
C. a bar of chocolate having different colors.
D. a counter where people of different colors are served with beer.
2. The writer was, at the time of the story, ___.
A. a black school teacher
B. an African servant
C. a black, but a friend of Europeans
D. a rich black
3. The manager of the drugstore shouted at the writer in a bastard language because ___.
A. he hadn’t learned to speak polite English.
B. he thought the writer wouldn’t understand English.
C. that was the usual language used by Europeans when speaking to Africans.
D. that was the only language he could speak when he was angry.
4. In the third paragraph, “he was one of the old school” means ___.
A. he believed in the age-old practice of racial discrimination.
B. he was a very old man.
C. he graduated from an old, conservative school.
D. he was in charge of an old school.
5. Why didn’t the writer wait at the window of the drugstore like other black African?
A. Because he thought he was educated and should be treated differently.
B. Because he thought, being an important person, he should not be kept waiting.
C. Because he thought his white friends would help him out.
D. Because he wanted to protest against racial discrimination.
Aimlessness hashardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmonyare the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese areseeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago youngpeople were hard-working and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being,but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people dontknow where they should go next.
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of womeninto the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agerswho are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbingJapans rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, itwas found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied withschool life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. Inaddition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobsthan did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics,Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning overcreativity and self-expression.“Those things that do not show up in the test scores—personality,ability, courage or humanity―are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu,chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Partys education committee.“Frustrationagainst this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” Last yearJapan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults onteachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return tothe prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was theneducation minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reformsintroduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarⅡhadweakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”
But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “ In Japan,” sayseducator Yoko Muro,“its never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life,but only how much you can endure.” With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent ofJapans 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extendedfamily have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households.Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work)and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken,the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorcerate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by morethan 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.
23. In the Westerners’ eyes, the postwar Japan was_____.
[A]under aimless development
[B]a positive example
[C]a rival to the West
[D]on the decline
24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible forthe moral decline of Japanese society?
[A]Womens participation in social activities is limited
[B]More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs
[C]Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics
[D]The life-style has been influenced by Western values
25. Which of the following is true according to the author?
[A]Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb thesocial ladder
[B]Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning aswell as creativity
[C]More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity
[D]Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking
26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the factthat____.
[A]the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life
[B]the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S
[C]the Japanese endure more than ever before
[D]the Japanese appreciate their present life
解析
23. In the Westerners’eyes, the postwar Japan was_____.
在西方人看来，战后的日本是_____。
[A]under aimless development 盲目发展
[B]a positive example 一个积极的例子
[C]a rival to the West 西方的竞争对手
[D]on the decline 在衰退中
【答案】 B
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 文章第一段第一句就指出，“盲目性不是战后日本的特色，它的生产率和社会的和谐为美国和欧洲所羡慕。”也就是说是一个积极的正面的例子。[A]违反了第一句。[C]选项和[D]选项不是本文谈论的话题。
24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for themoral decline of Japanese society?
根据本文作者的观点，日本社会道德滑坡的主要原因是什么？
[A] Womens participation in social activities is limited.
妇女参加社会活动受到限制。
[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
越来越多的工人对自己的工作感到不满。
[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.
过多地注重基础教育。
[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.
生活方式受西方价值观的影响。
【答案】 D
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 文中第一段指出日本人正在逐渐经历传统工作道德价值观的日益滑坡，说“十年前，年轻人工作努力，将工作看作是生存(being)的重要动力”，但是，日本目前在很大程度上满足了其经济发展的需要，年轻人反而不知道下一步的发展目标了。具体提到道德滑坡是在第三段，文中提到校园暴力，提到“保守党领导人正在力图重新重视战前那种道德教育”，“Mitsuo Setoyama”更是冒出“惊人之语”(raise the eyebrows)，他坚持认为二战后美国占领当局引进的'自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德观”。而在下文，作者更是直接提出，“但是，这可能和日本人的生活方式关系更大。人们已经抛弃了社区和大家庭，而更加喜欢单门独户的两代人构成的家庭，旧的集体和家庭价值观被削弱”。由此可见，本题的答案就是[D]选项。
25. Which of the following is true according to the author?
在作者看来，以下哪一个是正确的？
[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb thesocial ladder.
日本的教育受人称道，因为它有助于年轻人攀登社会阶梯。
[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning aswell as creativity.
日本教育的特点就是既有机械性的学习又有创造力的培养。
[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
应该更加强调创造力的培养上。
[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
辍学导致了对应试的挫折感。
【答案】 C
【考点】 作者观点题。
【分析】 [A]说法是错误的，因为日本的教育受到外国人赞赏的原因是“它强调整础教育”。[B]说法是错误的，因为文中提到“它强调考试和机械学习而不是创造性和自我表现”。[C]是正确的，因为文中提到“它强调考试和机械学习超过创造性和自我表现”。“那些在考分中不能体现的东西——个性、能力、勇气或人性——完全被忽视了，”执政的自民党教育委员会主席“Toshiki Kaifu”说，“这类事情造成的挫折致使孩子辍学以及变得狂野”，这说明日本应该更加强调创造力的培养。[D]的说法是错误的，因为文中说“这类事情造成的挫折致使孩子辍学以及变得狂野”，该选项故意混淆了原因和结果。
26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the factthat____.
日本人生活方式的变化体现在下面的一个事实中。
[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life
年轻人对现实生活中困苦的忍受力下降
[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.
日本的离婚率超过美国的
[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before
日本人忍受的东西比以前更多了
[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life
日本人欣赏他们目前的生活
【答案】 A
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 文中提到教育家“YokoMuro”。他说“在日本，你喜欢不喜欢自己的工作和生活，这从来都不是问题，问题是你有多大的承受力”。然后在最后一段里面提到“家庭结构的改变，旧的集体和家庭价值观的削弱，人们的不满凸现”。也就是说“日本人以前默默地忍受生活的困苦，但是，现在年轻的日本人觉得这种牺牲太大，对此产生了逆反情绪”。因此可以判定“日本人的生活方式的变化体现年轻人对现实生活中的困苦忍受力下降”。[B]的说法是错误的，因为根据第四段最后一句，“日本人的离婚率仍然低于美国人的”。[C]在文中找不到很据。[D]可以根据“最近一次调查发现只有24.5%的日本学生对学校生活完全满意，相比之下，美国学生的比例是62.7%。此外，与被调查的其他10个国家的工人相比，对自身工作表示不满的日本工人多得多”进行排除。
Sleeping Position Reveals Personality Traits
Whether it's curled up in the fetal position , flat on the stomach or stretched out across the bed, the way people sleep reveals their personality, a British sleep expert said. The expert has identified six common sleeping positions and what they mean. "We are all aware of our body language when we are awake but this is the first time we have been able to see what our subconscious says about us, " he said. Crouched in the fetal position is the most popular sleep pattern and favored by 51 percent of women, according to the results of the study he conducted for a large hotel group. Fetal sleepers tend to be shy and sensitive while people who assume the soldier position, flat on their back with arms at their sides, are quiet and reserved. Sleeping on one's side with legs outstretched and arms down in what he refers to as the log, indicates a social, easygoing personality. But if the arms are outstretched in the yearning position, the person tends to be more suspicious. The free fall, flat on the tummy with the hands at the sides of the head, is the most unusual position. Only 6.5 percent of people prefer it and they are usually brash and gregarious. Unassuming, good listeners usually adopt the starfish position — on the back with outstretched arms and legs.The expert, who identified the positions by comparing personality traits of people.
阅读自测
Ⅰ. There a re some adjectives describing people's persona lity in the a rticle and please match them with phrases : brash, unassuming, reserved, easygoing, suspicious, gregarious
1. relaxed in manner and easy to deal with———
2. preferring to be with others rather than alone———
3. thinking that someone might be guilty of doing something wrong or dishonest, without being sure ———
4. confident in a rude or aggressive way———
5. showing no desire to be noticed or given special treatment———
6. quiet and unwilling to express your emotions or talk about your problems———
Ⅱ. Answer the following question:
How many sleeping positions have the expert identified and what are they?
参考答案
Ⅰ. 1. easygoing 2 . gregarious 3. suspicious 4 . brash 5 . unassuming 6. reserved
Ⅱ. There are six positions, they are fetal position, soldier position, log position, yearning position, free fall position and starfish position.
参考译文
睡姿揭示人的性格
一 位英国睡眠专家曾说过： 无论你是像胎儿一样蜷缩着睡觉， 或是趴在床上睡， 还是四肢伸开平躺着睡， 睡觉的姿势揭示了你的性格。该专家归纳了六种常见睡觉姿势， 以及这些姿势的含义。“ 醒着的时候， 我们都知道自己的肢体语言， 但这是我们第一次知道自己的潜意识在说些什么， ”他说。他对一家大型酒店集团所做的研究结果表明： 像胎儿一样蜷缩着睡觉是最流行的睡觉姿势， 有51% 的妇女喜欢这种姿势。采用胎儿式睡姿的人往往比较害羞， 也很敏感； 而采用仰卧、双臂放在身体两侧的士兵式睡姿的人则比较安静， 也不愿说话。侧卧、两腿伸直、双臂自然下垂的睡姿称为原木式睡姿。采用这种睡姿的人喜欢社交活动， 容易相处。但是如果双臂伸出， 呈渴望状， 这种人往往比较多疑。自由式， 即俯卧， 双手放在头的两侧， 这是最特别的睡姿。只有6.5% 的人喜欢这样睡， 他们通常性情急躁， 爱社交。谦虚忠实的听众通常选择仰卧且四肢伸展的海星式睡姿。该专家通过比较人物性格特征、他们喜欢的睡姿和最常见的睡姿归纳出以上这些睡姿。他说人们一旦采用了某种睡姿就很难再改变。
阅读导评
如今， 很多年轻人谈恋爱的时候， 总想知道对方的性格到底如何， 以检验与自己是否般配。对此， 不同的人有不同的方法， 有的人算姓名笔画和生辰八字， 有的看星座、生肖和血型， 其实我们也不妨留意一下对方的睡姿。“江山易改， 睡姿难移”, 大多数人一生中不大可能改变睡眠姿势， 因而睡姿也给我们提供了一个了解自己和他人的很好方式。
阅读讲解
1. 意识理论。他把人类的心理结构分为三层， 即意识( conscious) 、前意识( preconscious)和无意识( 即潜意识) 。
2. 这里的once 不是“ 一次”或“ 曾经”的意思， 不是副词， 而是连词， 意为“ 一旦， 一就”, 如： Once printed, this dictionary will be very popular! ( 一旦出版， 这本词典将会非常畅销！ )
The word religion is derived from the Latin noun religio, which denotes both earnest observance of ritual obligations and an inward spirit of reverence. In modern usage, religion covers a wide spectrum of meaning that reflects the enormous variety of ways the term can be interpreted. At one extreme, many committed believers recognize only their own tradition as a religion, understanding expressions such as worship and prayer to refer exclusively to the practices of their tradition. Although many believers stop short of claiming an exclusive status for their tradition, they may nevertheless use vague or idealizing terms in defining religion for example, true love of God, or the path of enlightenment. At the other extreme, religion may be equated with ignorance, fanaticism, or wishful thinking.
By defining religion as a sacred engagement with what is taken to be a spiritual reality, it is possible to consider the importance of religion in human life without making claims about what it really is or ought to be. Religion is not an object with a single, fixed meaning, or even a zone with clear boundaries. It is an aspect of human experience that may intersect, incorporate, or transcend other aspects of life and society. Such a definition avoid the drawbacks of limiting the investigation of religion to Western or biblical categories such as monotheism (belief in one god only) or to church structure, which are not universal. For example, in tribal societies, religion unlike the Christian church usually is not a separate institution but pervades the whole of public and private life.
In Buddhism, gods are not as central as the idea of a Buddha. In many traditional cultures, the idea of a sacred cosmic order is the most prominent religious belief. Because of this variety, some scholars prefer to use a general term such as the sacred to designate the common foundation of religious life.
Religion in this understanding includes a complex of activities that cannot be reduced to any single aspect of human experience. It is a part of individual life but also of group dynamics. Religion includes patterns of behavior but also patterns of language and thought. It is sometimes a highly organized institution that sets itself apart from a culture, and it is sometimes an integral part of a culture. Religious experience may be expressed in visual symbols, dance and performance, elaborate philosophical systems, legendary and imaginative stories, formal ceremonies, and detailed rules of ethical conduct and law. Each of these elements assumes innumerable cultural forms. In some ways there are as many forms of religious expression as there are human cultural environments.
1.What is the passage mainly concerned about?
A.Religion has a variety of interpretation.
B.Religion is a reflection of ignorance.
C.Religion is not only confined to the Christian categories.
D.Religion includes all kinds of activities.
2.What does the word “observance” probably convey in Para. 1?
A.notice
B.watching
C.conformity
D.experience
3.According to the passage what people generally consider religion to be?
A.Fantastic observance
B.Spiritual practice
C.Individual observance of tradition
D.A complex of activities
4.Which of the following is not true?
A.It is believed by some that religion should be what it ought to be.
B.“The path of enlightenment” is a definition that the author doesn’t agree to.
C.According to the author, the committed believers define religion improperly.
D.The author doesn’t speak in favor of the definition of “the sacred”。
5.Which of the following is religion according to the passage?
A.Performance of human beings.
B.Buddha, monotheism and some tribal tradition.
C.Practice separated from culture.
D.All the above.
答案：ACBDB
The Amer ican Character
What do Americans believe in2? What is theAmerican character? These questions are hard toanswer, because there are so many Americans andthey believe in so many different things. However,the history of the United States does provide someunderstanding of certain basic characteristics thatmany Americans share .
One of the main reasons why the early settlers came to America was to escape the controlsthey had experienced in Europe. There , small groups of wealthy people prevented themfrom moving into a higher social position or becoming wealthy, and governmentsupportedchurches controlled their religious practices and beliefs. Because these early settlers wanted tobe free from such controls, they brought to America the view that the individual was supremelyimportant. The settlers were against the efforts of the church, the society, and particularly thegovernment, to control their actions. These controls came to be viewed as "un-American" .
This strong American belief in individualism has both positive and negative sides5 . On thepositive side, it has strengthened Americans’inventiveness and their belief in hard work. Onthe negative side, the belief in individualism has sometimes prevented Americans from usingtheir government to solve their common problems. Americans prefer not to have governmentsolutions to social problems.
The belief in individualism is a basic part of the American character. This belief has at least twoseparate parts — idealism and materialism6. Although these two beliefs are quite different,most Americans try to live with them both at the same time, and idealism and materialism areboth very much a part of the American character.
American idealism comes largely from the nation’s Protestant7 religious heritage . EarlyAmericans did not have to belong to any particular church to have this belief. It influenced allAmericans so strongly that idealism came to mean that each individual should possess a highmoral character, and should live by his or her own beliefs. This is what American idealismmeans today.
Americans also have a strong belief in materialism, that is, that each individual should gain asmuch wealth as possible. The American belief in materialism is partly a result of the nation’sgreat material abundance. The early settlers found a continent with great forests, rivers, andfertile farmland in abundance. It is not surprising that many viewed America as the land ofopportunity. 8
As the United States grew and developed, the supply of natural resources seemed endless,and so did the opportunities for personal economic advancement. Each generation had a chanceto become wealthier than their parents had been. Generation after generation of newimmigrants had the same opportunity. Americans eventually developed the belief that it wasalmost a duty to get rich.
阅读自测
Ⅰ. Here a re some new sports words that people often use in daily life . Guess their Chinesemeanings:
All-star Game———
Most Valuable Player ( MVP) ———
Rookie of the Year———
X-Games / Extreme Sports———
Bungee jumping———
Rock-climbing / Freeclimbing———
Bicycle Motocross ( BMX) ———
treadmill———
aerobics———
Ⅱ. When is a h ouse n ot just a house ? Guess the meanings of various houses:
playhouse———
Wendy house / dollhouse———
fun house———
lodging house———
Opera house ———
tea house———
Full House ———
Meeting House ———
Upper House and Lower House———
At some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you dont act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior.
Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time. Topics such as death, for example, were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject.
One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos, fat is a topic that Americans talk about constantly. Its not taboo to talk about fat; its taboo to be fat. The in look is thin, not fat. In the work world, most companies prefer youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their image as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy, self-discipline, and self-respect. In an image-conscious society like the U. S. , thin is in, fat is out.
Plastic, it seems, is no longer fantastic. Even Hollywood, that factory of artifice (欺骗), is demanding areturn to reality when it comes to women’s bodies.
Disney Studios recent casting call for female extras for the fourth Pirates of the Caribbean film included a surprise announcement: "Must have real breasts. Do not submit if you have implants (移植物)." Surgically enhanced breasts might still be considered sexy or essential by airhead starlets and models. but the new buzzword(时髦语) in America is"authenticity". Thats why. for women in the public eye. having fake breasts is looking increasingly less like a career move and more like career suicide. Another indication thatfake breasts are going bust is the fact that television shows such as Extreme Makeover and The Swan (TV which promised to nip and tuck ordinary women into goddesses) have been cancelled. while statistics from theAmerican Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery show that the number of breast enlargements in America fellfrom 365,000 to 312,000 last year.
In many surveys. research has shown that the larger the breasts, the more stupid a woman is considered to be. Other women,meanwhile, consider women with large breasts as a threat-so having a surgical enhancement is a lose-lose situation. Chantelle Houghton (from Big Brother remember her?) almost immediately regrettedgelling implants to boost her chest and admits that they were "taking over her life". and she had io resort to physiotherapy to deal with the back pain they caused. Even Sharon Osbourne, voted the queen of nip and tuck(整容手术), said recently: "I wish Id never had my breasts done. Its like having a waterbed on your chest I hate them. I want to have the bags taken out-then Ill put them on eBay."
The more stories we hear like this the better. because then perhaps young women will realize that large breasts aren’t che assets they think they are-or Hollywood has made them out to be.
1. What is the new trend in Hollywood as to women’s bodies?
2. For mindless starlets and models. plastic breasts might be___________________.
3. That surgically enhanced breasts are not popular is manifested by the______________ of some TV shows.
4. According to many surveys. if a woman has large breasts. she will be regarded as_______________by otherwomen.
5. The author hopes that through some real stories, young women can be aware that large breasts____________________as they think.
答案：
1.[A return to reality.]
[定位]根据题干中的Hollywood和womens bodies查找到第1段第2句。
解析：本段第1句中的no longer道出整形潮流的改变。第2句指出，好莱坞对女性身材也要求回归真实自然，题干中as towomens bodies对应原文中的when it comes to womens bodies，答案可在该句主句中找到。
2.[sexy or essential]
[定位]根据题干中的starlets and models查找到第2段第2句。
解析：题干中的mindless和plastic breasts分别为原文中airhead和surgically enhanced breasts的同义替换，所以原文中considered后的sexy or essential为本题答案。
3.[cancellation]
[定位]根据题干中的TV shows查找到第2段第4句。
解析：根据空白处前后的`冠词和介词，推断这里需要填入一个名词。该句提到，另一个隆胸潮流不再的迹象，就是有些节目被取消了(have been cancelled)，因此需将cancelled转化为其名词形式cancellation。
4.[a threat]
[定位]根据题干中的surveys, large breasts以及other women查找到第3段第2句。
解析：题干将原文主动句改成了被动句，原文中的consider... as 对应题干中的regarded as,故原文中的as的宾语a threat就是答案。
5.[arent the assets]
[定位]根据题干中的young women，large breasts以及they think查找到第4段。
解析：原文最后一段说，这样的真实故事听得越多，也就越明白丰满的胸部并不像想象中的那样是一种优势，题干表达相同的意思，比较原文与题干，可知arent the assets为答案。
Baseball and football1 crowds are happiest whenthey feel that they have become a part of the gamethat is being played for them. . .. in baseball,sections of the rooters2 set out deliberately torattle 3 a pitcher with rhythmic or anti-rhythmichand-clappings, whichever they think will annoy himthe most, or by setting up4 a bedlam5 of sound, orby waving somewhat cloudy pocket-handkerchiefs at him. most rooting, as a matter of fact,grows out of the individual spectator’s desire to identify himself with the proceedings on thefield, to shake himself free of the anonymity of the crowd and become an active participant ina sport for which nature happens not to have fitted him.
the loveliest girls in the world sit in the football crowds, their fresh faces framed in fur. thetoughest babies in town seem to collect6 at the ball games, idle sisters sitting in pairs chewinggum7, fanning8 themselves with their score cards and adding their harsh screams to thehullabaloo9 that accompanies a sharply hit ball or the race between ball and man for the base .the baseball crowd is cosmopolitan10 . it contains representatives from every walk in life andfrom every profession. it is the most expert gathering in the world, and the most appreciativeof skill. the crowd of sixty thousand that sits in the yankee stadium 11 on a sunday afternoonin midsummer, and the world series12 crowd of the same number that watches the inter-league play-off13 in the fall, are as different as black and white14, although both are looking atthe same game. world series spectators aren’t regular baseball fans. most of them have neverseen a game before. they are drawn by the ballyhoo , the publicity and the higher prices. theysit on their hands15 and refuse to warm up to the rising and falling tides of battle. the bleachercrowd gets a better view of the game than the snootier patrons in the stands and boxes. theysee the game the way the players see it.
阅读自测
Ⅰ. in this p assa ge , there a re many te rms a bout spor ts and try to wr ite them down according to th e chinese meanings :
啦啦队队员———
啦啦队队长———
投手———
记分牌———
球场———
球迷———
廉价露天看台———
看台———
包厢———
世界职业棒球锦标赛———
夺标决赛———
Ⅱ. question :
try to say something about fans on the field.
参考答案：
Ⅰ. rooter / cheerleader / pitcher score card / field /fan bleacher / stands / box world series / play-off
Ⅱ. in baseball, sections of the rooters set outdeliberately to rattle a pitcher with rhythmic oranti-rhythmic hand-clappings, whichever they thinkwill annoy him the most, or by setting up a bedlamof sound, or by waving somewhat cloudy pocket-handkerchiefs at him. but there are also some fans who are only drawn by the ballyhoo, thepublicity and the higher prices.
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a let. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
Britain is not just one country and one people; even if some of its inhabitants think so. Britain is, in fact, a nation which can be divided into several (36) parts, each part being an individual country with its own language, character and cultural (37) . Thus Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales do not claim to (38) to "England" because their inhabitants are not (39) "English". They are Scottish, Irish or Welsh and many of them prefer to speak their own native tongue, which in turn is (40) to the others.
These cultural minorities (少数民族) have been Britains original inhabitants. In varying degrees they have managed to (41) their national characteristics, and their particular customs and way of life. This is probably even more true of the (42) areas where traditional life has not been so affected by the (43) of industrialism as the border areas have been. The Celtic races are said to be more emotional by nature than the English. An Irish temper is legendary. The Scots would rather (44) about their reputation for excessive thrift and prefer to be remembered for their folk songs and dances, while the Welsh are famous for their singing. The Celtic (45) as a whole produces humorous writers and artists, such as the Irish Bernard Shaw, the Scottish Robert Bums, and the WelshDylan Thomas, to mention but a few.
A) incomprehensible
B) temper
C) remote
D) separate
E) understandable
F) forget
G) generally
H) temperament
I) preserve
J) strictly
K) traditions
L) reserve
M) growth
N) apply
O) belong
答案解析：
36.【解析】 D。此处应填形容词，修饰名词parts。文章首句即提出观点Britain is notjust one country and one people“英国不只是一个国家和一个民族”，又从后文的divided int0，each part以及individual corn.时可知英国被分成几个分离的部分，选项中只有separate表达了这个意思，故D正确。
37.【解析】 K。此处应填名词。选项中有四个词temper temperament，traditions和growth，能和language和character并列且能被cultural修饰只有traditions，其他几个名词不符合文意。
38.【解析】 0。此处应填动词原形。前文中说明英国被分成独立的几部分，各自保留自己的文化传统；后文中“because…”说明苏格兰、北爱尔兰以及威尔士的居民不承认自己是“English”，说明他们并不承认自己属于“England”，故这里应该选择belon9。apply也可以和t0连用，但apply t0表示“将……应用于”，不符合上下文意思。
39.【解析】 J。此处应填形容词或副词修饰English。选项中的副词有generally和strictly，文中要表达的意思是因为这几个部分都有自己的语言和文化传统，所以严格来说，他们不是“English”，但他们都属于English。故strictly符合文意。generally“一般地，大体地”放在原文意义上不够严谨。三个形容词不能使语义通顺。
40.I解析l A。此处应填形容词。从前文中“prefer to speak their own native tongue”，即苏格兰语、爱尔兰语和威尔士语，而这些语言对the others来说是陌生的，听不懂的。那么就不难从选项中的in come.sensible和understandable中选择前者，故incomprehensible“不能理解的。”正确。
41.【解析】I。由manage t0结构可知此处要填的是动词原形。选项中的动词原形还有forget，preserve，re.serve和apply。从下文中“traditional life has not been SO affected”可知他们成功地保留了自己的传统，排除forget和apply;reserve和preserve都有“保留”的意思，前者指存留起来以派别的用场，后者指想办法保持原样，强调抵制破坏因素，故preserve符合文意。
42.【解析】C。此处应填形容词修饰areas。从后文“where traditional life has not been SO affected by the…of industrialism…人们的传统生活受工业化……的影响没有那么大的地方”可以推知，这些地方是比较偏远的地方，选项中的remote。偏僻的，遥远的”符合上下文意思。
43.【解析】 M。此处应填名词。border area“边界地区”的工业化发展比remote area要快，所以此处要填的词是表示上升、增长的词，表示工业化的发展，选项9rowth“增长，发展”符合上下文意思。
44.【解析】F。此处应填动词原形。would rather和prefer意思相同，表示“宁愿”的意思。前面说的是过分节俭的坏名声，后面说的是宁愿让人记住他们的民歌与舞蹈。所以填入动词的意思应该与remember意思相反，选项中的forget符合上下文意思。
45.【解析】 H。此处应填名词。选项中剩下的名词还有temper和temperament。前者指脾气，指情绪上的主要特征，后者指特征、气质，尤指带感情色彩的个性和在社交上的个性。这里指的是整个凯尔特民族的特征，故temperament正确。
Sugar—Friend VS Enemy
A) Sugar is everywhere. It’s in our drinks, it’s in our foods, and it’s hidden in places we never would think of. Many would call sugar their friend in time of need, but in fact their so-called “good friend” could turn out to be their worst enemy in disguise. Sugar for many is something they may have been battling with for a long time. Here’s a simple three-step process to help you start to win back the battle for your health.
B) The first step is to be aware of what sugar really does to your body. Most people will say they “know” that they shouldn’t have sugar, but they really can’t help it. To me that is a lack of true awareness of what sugar does to oneself. I don+t think many people will say that they want to hurt their body on purpose, but unless they know it’s really happening they will continue down that road. Sugar is slower to impact our health, and it，s that slow destructive process that is the most dangerous. Unfortunately, most people don’t know the damage until it has already been done.
C) Sugar increases fat storing. Possibly the most important hormone in the body is insulin (胰岛素)，when it comes to weight loss and health. Insulin is the main hormone that we have full control over daily through our diet and lifestyle. When we eat sugar and it enters into our bloodstream too quickly, we have a spike in blood sugar levels. Now in times of high activity we are able to burn it off, but if we are sitting around this is not a good thing. So in response to that high level of blood sugar, the body will release more insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin will then take the excess glucose (葡萄糖)and try to find a place to store it. If your muscles are all full or have insulin resistance) then the best place to put the excess glucose is fat cells. When insulin is high, the fat cells are told to shut down any process of releasing stored fat into the blood for burning. With chronic high insulin spikes comes a resistance to it by your cells, leading to more insulin production, leading to more fat storing, and more resistance, eventually going down a road of diabetes and ill health for the whole body.
D) Sugar also disrupts normal brain function. I think most people can relate to mood swings and energy highs/lows that come after a high sugar meal. Sugar can also be the source of many people’s increased anxiety and depression. Let us not also forget the kids with ever-increasing attention “disorders” and behavioral issues. Sugar is not helping with that, either. In fact, there have been many studies that show when taking sugar out of a kid’s diet and increasing fat intake, their attention ability increases, their behavior changes for the better.
E) Sugar decreases your overall health and makes you age quicker. Too much sugar will lower your overall immune system increase destructive inflammation, lead to essential mineral deficiencies in the body, feed bad bacteria growth in your gut and other wonderful stuff. Aging is just a fancy word for the body breaking down quicker than it can repair itself, as that is what happens when we get older. Aging also is accelerated by the increasing risks of all degenerative diseases such as diabetes, osteoporosis, heart disease and cancers. We are all going to get older, but it doesn’t mean that we have to “age” quicker.
F) The second step is to realize you are in 100% control of your actions. This could be the most underrated yet the most important step, as we are the only person who controls what we put into our body. Everything starts in what we choose to put in our mouths. Some people may say they can’t control their sugar cravings, but that is already admitting defeat and giving up power to some “cosmic sugar influence” out there. We can pass on dessert, we don’t need to buy a candy bar, we can drink water instead of soda, but the choice is ours to make.
G) Also many like to call it an “addiction”。 This is just another way to give up your own personal power of choice. While sugar can have “addictive like” qualities, it’s not something that you own or is a part of you. Fight the battle and you will get over the addictive feelings, they will go away. But if you call it an addiction and make it part of you, then it is yours to keep forever. Be free from it, let go. Take back control and anything is possible.
H) The third step is to just live the daily journey one choice at a time. Life is just a series of present moments, and the choices we make in those moments. So let，s just focus on what we can do right now instead of worrying about what has happened in the past or may or may not happen in the future. “Now” is all we have and all we need to focus on.
I) Choose to eat more natural foods. Choose whole food proteins, healthy fats and natural sources of carbohydrates. If it wasn’t around a thousand years ago or is made by man (and not nature), chances are you don’t need it. Note how it says “Choose” above, as it is your choice. Find the hidden sources of sugars and remove them. Sugar is hidden in places such as sauces, ketchup, soups, processed foods, drinks, so called health bars, and more. Become a label reader and see how much sugar you are consistently putting into your body. Don’t fall for the marketing trick either of “low fat”, because that usually means “more sugar”。
1. We are able to lower blood sugar levels by taking part in intense activities.
2. If you consider sugar as an addiction and call it something that you own, you won"t get rid of it forever.
3. In the author’s opinion, the reason why many people can$t help having sugar is that they are unaware of its danger.
4. When insulin in the bloodstream is high, fat cells will stop releasing stored fat.
5. The author believes that sugar which we called “good friend” in time of need in fact is a hidden enemy.
6. Many studies show that sugar-free diets with more fat can improve children’s attention ability.
7. The truth that we get older is that our body breaks down faster than it can be selfrepaired.
8. You yield to your addictive feelings, which means you give up your own personal power of choice.
9. The author believes that taking high sugar meals may result in mood fluctuation.
10. To be healthy, what we should do now is to eat natural foods and get rid of the hidden sources of sugars.
文章精要
糖类食品无处不在，影响了人们的健康。作者建议人们做到以下三个步骤， 以保证健康的生活：第一，真正了解糖对人体的危害；第二，完全控制自己吃糖 的欲望；第三，做到健康饮食，远离糖类食品。
答案解析
1. c 本题是对c段第四、五句话的总结。文章提到，我们吃下的糖很快会进人 血液中，导致体内的血糖水平达到峰值，而进行剧烈运动可以降低这个峰 值。题目中的intense activities与文中的high activity同义；题目中的lower和 原文中的burn off属于同义转述。
2. G 本题信息来自G段倒数第三句话。题目中的consider…as对应原文的call it;
题目中的call it something that you own 对应原文的make it part of you;题目 中的won’t get rid of对应原文的keep。
3. B 本题信息是对B段前三句的总结。文章指出，大多数人都知道不应该吃
糖，但是他们忍不住，在作者看来，他们缺乏对糖的害处的真正认识。题 目中的 unaware of its danger是对原文 lack of true awareness of what sugar does to oneself的同义转述。
4. C 本题信息来自C段倒数第二句话。文章指出，当血液中胰岛素的含量很高时，脂肪细胞就会停止将储存的脂肪释放到血液中消耗掉，题目中的stop 对应原文中的shut down any process of。
5. A 本题信息来自A段的第三句话，此句是一个用but连接的前后语义转折句。
文章指出，很多人在需要糖的。时候把它们当作朋友，但事实上，糖是披着 “好朋友”外衣的最糟糕的敌人，题目中的hidden与原文中的in disguise相 对应。
6. D 本题信息来自D段最后一句话。文章指出，事实上有许多研究表明，去掉儿童饮食中的糖分，增加脂肪摄入，可以增强他们的注意力。题目中的 sugar-free diets with more fat对应原文的 when taking sugar out of a kid’s diet and increasing fat intake ;题目中的 improve children’s attention ability对应原 文的their attention ability increases。
7. E 本题信息来自E段第三句话。文章提到，所谓衰老就是身体的衰退速度比
其自身的修复速度快，随着我们年龄的增长，衰老一直在进行着。题目中 的The truth对应原文的is just a fancy word for;题目中的faster than对应原 文的quicker than。
8. F 本题信息来自F段第四句话。文章提到，许多人忍不住吃糖，把这称之为上瘾，其实这就是以另一种方式放弃了个人的选择权。可以理解成你不能 控制自己的选择，被欲望控制了。题目中的yield to对应原文的defeat。
9. D 本题信息来自D段第二句话。文章提到，作者认为大多数人在吃过含糖量高的食物后，都经历过情绪波动，或者精力水平或高或低。题目中的result in对应原文的relate to;题目中的mood fluctuation对应原文的mood swings。
10. I本题信息来自I段的第一句话和第五句话。I段第一句话提到，我们要选择吃绿色天然食品，接着提出要找到食物中隐藏的糖，然后将它们除掉。题 目中的get rid of对应原文中的remove。
It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidenceof the depressing state of literacy. These figuresfrom the Department of Education are sufficient: 27million Americans cannot read at all. and a further35million read al a level that is less than sufficient tosurvive in our society.
But my own worry today is fess that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy thanit is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-classreader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence. those luxuries of domesticityand time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. n has beensuggested that almost 80 percent of Americas literate, educated teenagers can no longer readwithout an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering (闪烁)at the corner of their field of perception. We know very little about the brain and how it dealswith simultaneous conflicting input, but every common-sense intuition suggests we should beprofoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration} silence, solitude (独处的状态) goestothe very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-perceptionagainst background distraction renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehensionand concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poemor a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. Not by brain. by heart;the expression is vital.
Under these circumstances. the question of what future there is for the arts of reading is a realone. Ahead of us lie technical. psychic(心理的). and social transformations probably much moredramatic than thosebrought about by Gutenberg, the German inventor in printing. TheGutenberg revolution. as we now know it, took a long time; its effects are still being debated.The information revolution will touch every fact ofcomposition. publication. distribution. andreading. No one in the book industry can say with any confidence what will
happen to the book as weve known it.
1. The picture of the reading ability of theAmerican people, drawn by the author,is__________.
A) rather bleak
B) fairly bright
C) very impressive
D) quite encouraging
2. The authors biggest concern is____________________.
A) elementary school children’s disinterest in reading classics
B) the surprisingly low rate of literacy in the U.S.
C) the musical setting American readers require for reading
D) the reading ability and reading behavior of the middle class
3. A major problem with most adolescents who can read is________________.
A) their fondness of music and TV programs
B) their ignorance of various forms of art and literature
C) their lack of attentiveness and basic understanding
D) their inability to focus on conflicting input
4. The author claims that the best way a reader can show admiration for a piece ofpoetry or prose is ___________________.
A) to be able to appreciate it and memorize it
B) to analyze its essential features
C) to think it over conscientiously
D) to make a fair appraisal of its artistic value
5. About the future of the arts of reading the author feels___________.
A) upset
B) uncertain
C) alarmed
D) pessimistic
1.作者描绘的美国人的阅读能力的画面是_________。
A) 很暗淡的
B) 很明亮的
C) 令人印象深刻
D)非常具有鼓舞性
[A]根据文章第1段第1句“我无需举例说明那种令人沮丧的受教育状况”。句中depressing的意思与bleak相近，由此可推断作者描绘的这幅画面是相当黯淡的。
2.作者最大的担心是_____________。
A) 小学生对阅读课不感兴趣
B)美国的文盲率出奇地高
C) 美国人阅读的时候需要有背景音乐
D) 中产阶级的阅读能力和阅读行为
[D]根据文章第2段第1句“目前我担心的倒不是基本文化水平这个大问题，而是一个较为奢侈的问题，即美国中产阶级读者阅读艺术的衰退，即使是中级的读者也不愿意在寂静无声的空间里，放下家庭事务，付出时间全神贯注地进行经典性的阅读”，因此，只有D才与文中所陈述的意恩相符。
3.有阅读能力的大多数青少年的一个主要问题是___________。
A) 他们喜欢音乐和电视节目
B) 他们对艺术和文学多种多样的形式一无所知
C) 他们缺乏注意力和基础的知识
D) 他们不能专注于相互冲突的内容
[C]在第2段第2句和倒数第二句作者提到“大约80%的有文化、受过教育的十几岁的年轻人没有背景音乐和闪烁的电视屏幕的陪伴就无法阅读”和“而这种边阅读边在背景的干涉下进行理解的新方法使人们不可能对所阅读的'东西全神贯注地加以理解”，由此可推断只有C是正确的。
4.作者声称，读者展示对诗歌或散文青睐的最好的方法就是_______________。
A) 能够理解并记得住
B) 分析其最根本的特点
C) 有意识地深刻理解它
D) 对其艺术价值作出公平的评价
[A]根据文章第2段倒数第二句“更不用说将散文或诗歌，不是用脑。而是用心背下来，这是人们欣赏他们所喜欢的诗歌或散文的最好的方式”，因此A与作者所表述的观点一致，因而正确。
5.对于阅读艺术的未来，作者感到__________。
A) 沮丧
B) 不确定
C) 警觉
D) 悲观
Scholars and students have always been great travelers. The official case for “academic mobility” is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world, and debated in the corridors of Europe, but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold.
Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas, their transference across frontiers, their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether with students or with colleagues; one presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a starling discovery, or a new technique. It must also have been reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines, and that one was not quite alone, confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect.
In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the aeroplane, making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately feasible, and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge.
Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about the recent explosion in academic movement. Some of these are purely quantitative and require no further mention: there are far more centres of learning, and a far greater number of scholars and students.
In addition one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the passage above.
It can be concluded from the passage that"academic mobility"_____.
A.means the friendship formed by scholars on the trip
B.is a program initiated by governments
C.has been put great emphasis on in the world
D.means going abroad in search of the best teacher
2.The word "eccentric" in the second paragraph most probably means_____.
A.a rather strange person
B.a person of no exceptional ability
C.an ambitious person
D.peculiar or unusual
3.In the eyes of the author,what happens to a scholar who shares his ideas with his colleagues?
A.He risks his ideas being stolen.
B.He gains recognition for his achievement
C.He is considered as an eccentric.
D.He is credited with a startling discovery.
4.According to the passage,the recent growth in air travel has meant that_____.
A.travel around the world becomes realistic and affordable
B.more students from remote areas can attend universities
C.all kinds of information can be shared by more people
D.scholars can meet each other more easily
5.The author thinks that its important for scholars to be able to travel because_____.
A.their laboratories ate in remote places
B.there is too much stress at universities
C.their fellow experts are scattered around the world
D.there are so many people working in similar fields
文章摘要
议论文。本文主要论述了“学术流动”的诸多现象和引起“学术流动”的因素。
斟词酌句
in search of 寻找
Newton,the great scientist,spent his whole life in search of truth. 伟大的科学家牛顿一生都要寻求真理。
2.stimulating adj. 刺激的，有刺激性的
To win a prize is always stimulating. 获奖总是令人激动的。
3.simultaneous adj. 同时发生的，同时存在的，同步的
The two simultaneous shots sounded like one. 同时发出的两声枪响听起来像一声。
4.reassure vt. 使放心
When the child was afraid in the storm,his parents reassured him. 孩子害怕风暴时，他的父母安慰他。
指点迷津
It must also have been reassuring to know [that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines], and [that one was not quite alone, confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect].在本句中，两个方括号里“that”引导的从句都是“know”宾语。
2.In addition one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, [which (by widening the total area of advanced studies) has produced an enormous number of specialists (whose particular interests are precisely defined)].在本句中，方括号里“which”引导的定语从句修饰“thevery considerable multiplication of disciplines”;该从句的谓语动词是“has produced”;该从句中还包含了一个由“whose”引导的定语从句修饰“specialists”。
试题精析
选C.本题为主要细节正误题。第一段第二句说“academic mobility is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world”，由此可知，人们认为“学术流动”非常重要，C选项与其意思一致；D选项为干扰项，由第一段可推断“going abroad in search of the best teacher”只是“学术流动”的表现之一，并不是它的含义。
2.选A.本题为词义推断题。“eccentric”在文中作名词，指“古怪的人；有怪癖的人”，所以A选项为正确的答案。
3.选B.本题为观点态度推断题。从第二段最后一句可推断，当一位学者和他的同事分享其想法观点时，他知道“one was not quite alone”，他会得到对他的成就的认可。
4.选D.本题为主要细节正误题。第三段最后一句说“……the aeroplane, making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately feasible……”，D选项与其意思一致。
5.选C.本题为观点态度推断题。文章最后一句说“These people would work in some isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.”，所以C选项为正确答案。
全文翻译
学者和学生一致都是伟大的旅行者。在全世界，人们现在经常称“学术流动”为经济和社会进步的必备基础，但显然，这已不是什么新事物了。认真的学生时刻准备着出过，以寻求最棒的老师和最著名的学府，寻求最纯粹的哲学，最有效的医学和最有可能找到金矿的道路。
这种流动也是思想的流动，它们穿越国界，同事影响着各种不同的人群。学习的关键在于分享——不管是和学生还是和同事分享。有 但是要知道，在世界上的其他地方有其他人和我们有同样的发现或是以同样的方式思考着。虽然我们面临质问、讥讽和漠视，但我们并不孤独。这一点会让人宽慰不少。
在20世纪，特别是在最后20年里，那些漫游流浪的学者们以前走的。小路已经变成了宽广的大陆。当然，是飞机这种交通工具让这成为可能，它让远隔重洋的学者们迅速取得联�
除了交通工具这个因素，要确认引起最近学术运动大爆炸的因素也是比较容易的。有一些仅仅只是数量上的，不需要的学习中心，和比以前多得多的学者和学生。
另外，我们必须承认，学科门类以相当快的速度增加，特别是在科学领域。通过拓宽整个高深研究的领域，已经出现了大量研究兴趣严格限定的专家学者。如果这些专辑不和其他国家同样鼓励的群体保持联系，他们会在一种与世隔绝的状态下工作。